what are the best practices for organizing complex calculations in Laravel

1. Models: For calculations that are specific to a particular model or entity, include them in the model itself. This approach is useful when the calculations are closely tied to the model's data and are used frequently in various parts of the application[1][2].

2. Services: For complex business logic that is not directly related to a specific model, create a service class. This approach helps to separate the logic from the controllers and models, making the code more maintainable and reusable[3].

3. Controllers: For simple calculations that are specific to a particular controller action, include them in the controller method. However, for complex calculations, it is generally better to separate them into a service or model to maintain a clean and organized codebase[3].

4. Raw SQL: If you need to perform complex calculations that involve raw SQL, use Laravel's raw query methods such as `selectRaw`, `whereRaw`, `havingRaw`, and `orderByRaw`. These methods allow you to inject raw SQL expressions into your queries, but be aware that they can introduce SQL injection vulnerabilities if not properly sanitized[5].

Here is an example of using `selectRaw` to perform a complex calculation:

php
$orders = DB::table('orders')
    ->selectRaw('price * ? as price_with_tax', [1.0825])
    ->get();

In summary, the best place to put complex calculations in Laravel depends on the specific requirements and design of your application. You can use models, services, controllers, or raw SQL methods, each with its own advantages and considerations.